It can cause a backfire which could damage the catalytic converter, but if the car is running fine then don't worry about the cat until your next emissions check.
Off, it wont damage the car. But it will turn off the power steering and brake assist, and that might cause you to crash. Also if you turn the key to the lock position, it locks the steering. Now you have no steering, and poor brakes. Now than CAN damage your car.
No it shouldn't cause any damage.
Hi yes it could have wrecked it completely.