Those are called mineshafts and can extend quite some distance, the spider webs that you see are surronding a spider spawner. if playing on peaceful you could just ignore it. if playing on easy-hard and it is annoying, just break the thing that looks like a cage with a spider spinning in it.
It's a mine shaft. Be ready for poison spiders.
Web can be annoying and hard to remove using tools. Water flow can destroy the web, which drops string.
You just found an underground mine that's all. They are put into every world on minecraft just like the villages
I am fairly new to minecraft, and i started a world and went into a large cave... and i found a structure of wooden planks, it had two chests and some rails, and some of them were broken, and there were many MOB's and spider webs...is it some sort of NPC thing, or is it possibly like herobrine or something...thank you